Typhoid Fever Fact Sheet

Typhoid fever is a serious bacterial infection caused by Salmonella Typhi. It spreads through contaminated food and water and can cause high fever, weakness, stomach pain, and severe complications if untreated. Effective treatment with antibiotics is available, and vaccines can help prevent infection.

Causes and Transmission
  • Bacteria: Caused by Salmonella Typhi, a bacterium that infects the intestines and bloodstream.
  • Contaminated Food and Water: The primary source of infection is consuming food or water contaminated with feces from an infected person.
  • Person-to-Person Spread: Can be transmitted through direct contact with an infected person who has poor hygiene.
  • Poor Sanitation: Outbreaks are common in areas with inadequate water treatment and sewage disposal.
Symptoms of Typhoid Fever
  • High Fever: Persistent fever that can reach up to 104°F (40°C).
  • Weakness and Fatigue: Extreme tiredness and loss of energy.
  • Stomach Pain: Abdominal discomfort and cramps.
  • Loss of Appetite: Difficulty eating and weight loss.
  • Rash: Rose-colored spots may appear on the chest and abdomen.
  • Severe Complications: If untreated, can lead to intestinal perforation, internal bleeding, and life-threatening infections.
Prevention
  • Safe Drinking Water: Use only boiled, chlorinated, or bottled water.
  • Proper Sanitation: Proper disposal of human waste and maintaining hygiene.
  • Handwashing: Wash hands with soap and clean water, especially before eating and after using the toilet.
  • Food Safety: Eat well-cooked food, avoid raw produce in high-risk areas, and maintain proper food hygiene.
  • Vaccination: Vaccines are available and recommended for travelers to high-risk regions and those at risk of exposure.
Treatment of Typhoid Fever
  • Antibiotics: The primary treatment for typhoid fever, though resistance to certain antibiotics is increasing.
  • Hydration: Drinking fluids or receiving intravenous (IV) fluids to prevent dehydration.
  • Hospitalization: Severe cases may require hospitalization for monitoring and advanced care.
Typhoid Fever Around the World

Typhoid fever remains a significant global health concern, particularly in areas with limited access to clean water and sanitation. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are an estimated 9 million cases annually, with around 110,000 deaths. Efforts to improve sanitation, promote vaccination, and enhance access to clean water have significantly reduced cases in many regions.

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