Leptospirosis Fact Sheet

Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection caused by the Leptospira bacteria. It is a zoonotic disease, meaning it spreads from animals to humans. The infection is commonly transmitted through contaminated water, soil, or food and is prevalent in areas with poor sanitation, flooding, or heavy rainfall. Without prompt treatment, leptospirosis can lead to serious complications such as kidney damage, meningitis, liver failure, respiratory distress, and even death.

Causes and Transmission
  • Bacteria: Caused by Leptospira species, which infect both animals and humans.
  • Animal Reservoirs: Rodents, livestock, and wild animals can carry the bacteria in their urine.
  • Contaminated Water and Soil: Infection occurs when people come into contact with urine-contaminated water, soil, or food.
  • Entry Points: The bacteria enter the body through cuts, mucous membranes, or ingestion of contaminated water.
  • Occupational and Recreational Risk: Farmers, sewage workers, veterinarians, and individuals exposed to floods or freshwater bodies are at higher risk.
Symptoms of Leptospirosis

Symptoms usually appear 2 to 14 days after exposure and range from mild to severe:

  • Fever and Chills: Sudden onset of high fever, often with chills.
  • Muscle Pain: Severe muscle aches, especially in the calves and lower back.
  • Headache: Intense headaches and eye pain.
  • Nausea, Vomiting, and Diarrhea: Gastrointestinal symptoms may occur.
  • Jaundice (Yellow Skin and Eyes): A sign of liver involvement.
  • Red Eyes: Conjunctival suffusion (reddening of the eyes) is a distinctive feature.
  • Severe Leptospirosis (Weil’s Disease): A severe form that can lead to organ failure, meningitis, lung hemorrhage, and death.
Prevention
  • Avoid Contaminated Water: Do not swim or wade in floodwaters or untreated bodies of water.
  • Wear Protective Clothing: Use boots and gloves when working in high-risk environments.
  • Control Rodents: Reduce exposure to rodent-infested areas and store food in rodent-proof containers.
  • Safe Drinking Water: Boil or treat water in areas where contamination is likely.
  • Vaccination for Animals: Pets and livestock can be vaccinated to reduce the spread.
Treatment of Leptospirosis
  • Antibiotics: Early treatment with doxycycline or penicillin can prevent severe complications.
  • Supportive Care: Includes fluids, pain relief, and monitoring for complications.
  • Hospitalization: Severe cases may require intensive care, dialysis (for kidney failure), or mechanical ventilation (for lung complications).
Leptospirosis Around the World

Leptospirosis is most common in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in Southeast Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, and Africa. Outbreaks often occur after floods, hurricanes, and heavy rains. It remains an underreported but significant public health issue, particularly in low-income communities with poor sanitation.

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