E. coli Infection Fact Sheet

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a diverse group of bacteria that normally live in the intestines of humans and animals. While most strains are harmless, some can cause serious foodborne illnesses. The most dangerous strain, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), can lead to severe diarrhea, kidney failure, and even death. E. coli infections are commonly linked to contaminated food, water, or contact with infected animals.

Causes and Transmission
  • Contaminated Food: Common sources include undercooked ground beef, raw vegetables, unpasteurized milk, and contaminated water.
  • Person-to-Person Spread: Can occur through poor hand hygiene, especially in childcare settings.
  • Animal Contact: Direct exposure to infected animals or their environment (e.g., petting zoos, farms).
  • Waterborne Transmission: Drinking or swimming in contaminated water can lead to infection.
  • Cross-Contamination: Using the same utensils or surfaces for raw and cooked food increases risk.
Symptoms of E. coli Infection

Symptoms typically appear 3 to 4 days after exposure but can range from 1 to 10 days:

  • Severe Diarrhea: Often watery or bloody, lasting several days.
  • Abdominal Cramps: Intense stomach pain and discomfort.
  • Nausea and Vomiting: Common but not present in all cases.
  • Low-Grade Fever: Some people experience mild fever, though not always.
  • Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS): In severe cases, E. coli infections can lead to kidney failure, anemia, and low platelet count, particularly in young children, older adults, and immunocompromised individuals.
Prevention
  • Cook Meat Properly: Cook ground beef to at least 71°C (160°F).
  • Wash Hands Regularly: Especially after using the bathroom, handling raw food, or petting animals.
  • Avoid Unpasteurized Products: Do not drink raw milk, unpasteurized juices, or soft cheeses made from raw milk.
  • Wash Fruits and Vegetables: Rinse thoroughly under running clean water before eating.
  • Prevent Cross-Contamination: Keep raw meat separate from other foods and disinfect cooking surfaces.
  • Drink Safe Water: Use filtered or treated water, especially in areas with questionable water quality.
Treatment of E. coli Infection
  • Hydration: Drink plenty of fluids and oral rehydration solutions to prevent dehydration.
  • Avoid Antibiotics: In STEC infections, antibiotics can worsen symptoms and increase the risk of HUS.
  • Avoid Anti-Diarrheal Medications: These may slow down recovery by preventing the body from expelling the bacteria.
  • Hospital Care for Severe Cases: Patients with HUS may require dialysis, blood transfusions, or intensive care.
E. coli Infections Around the World

E. coli outbreaks occur worldwide, with contaminated food and water being the most common sources. Developing countries face higher risks due to poor sanitation and limited access to clean drinking water. However, even in developed nations, outbreaks can happen due to food recalls and cross-contamination. According to the CDC, STEC infections cause over 265,000 illnesses annually in the U.S., with 3,600 hospitalizations and 30 deaths.

Helpful Resources