Dysentery Fact Sheet

Dysentery is an intestinal infection that causes inflammation of the intestines, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea with blood or mucus. It is usually caused by bacteria or parasites, with Shigella and Entamoeba histolytica being the most common pathogens. Dysentery is typically transmitted through contaminated food, water, or direct contact with infected individuals. If left untreated, dysentery can lead to severe dehydration and other complications.

Causes and Transmission
  • Bacterial Infection: The most common cause of dysentery is infection by Shigella species (bacillary dysentery).
  • Parasitic Infection: Entamoeba histolytica causes amoebic dysentery.
  • Contaminated Food and Water: Dysentery spreads primarily through the consumption of food or water contaminated by feces from an infected person.
  • Person-to-Person Spread: Close contact with an infected individual or their feces can also lead to transmission.
  • Poor Sanitation: Areas with inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene practices are more likely to experience outbreaks.
Symptoms of Dysentery

Symptoms of dysentery can appear within 1-3 days after infection. They can range from mild to severe and include:

  • Diarrhea with Blood or Mucus: The hallmark symptom of dysentery, often accompanied by abdominal cramps.
  • Fever: Common, especially in bacterial forms of dysentery.
  • Dehydration: Due to fluid loss from diarrhea, symptoms like dry mouth, excessive thirst, and reduced urine output may occur.
  • Abdominal Pain and Cramps: These can be severe and may worsen after bowel movements.
  • Nausea and Vomiting: These symptoms may occur, particularly in severe cases of infection.
Prevention
  • Safe Drinking Water: Always consume clean, treated water (boiled or chlorinated).
  • Good Hygiene: Wash hands with soap and water after using the toilet, before eating, and before preparing food.
  • Proper Sanitation: Dispose of feces safely and maintain clean water sources to prevent contamination.
  • Food Safety: Avoid raw or undercooked foods, particularly in regions with poor sanitation.
  • Vaccination: There is no widely available vaccine for dysentery, but vaccination for other enteric diseases like cholera can help reduce the risk of similar infections.
Treatment of Dysentery
  • Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS): Replenishing lost fluids and electrolytes is crucial to prevent dehydration.
  • Antibiotics: For bacterial dysentery, antibiotics like ciprofloxacin or azithromycin may be prescribed.
  • Antiprotozoal Medications: In the case of amoebic dysentery, drugs like metronidazole or tinidazole are used.
  • Supportive Care: In severe cases, intravenous fluids may be needed for dehydration, and hospitalization may be required.
Dysentery Around the World

Dysentery remains a significant public health issue, particularly in low-income countries with poor sanitation. According to the WHO and CDC, millions of cases occur each year, leading to high morbidity and mortality. Efforts to improve water quality, sanitation, and hygiene are crucial in reducing the incidence of dysentery.

Helpful Resources