Cryptosporidiosis Fact Sheet

Cryptosporidiosis is a diarrheal disease caused by the parasite Cryptosporidium. It spreads through contaminated water, food, or contact with infected individuals or animals. The disease is a leading cause of waterborne illness worldwide and can be particularly dangerous for young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. While symptoms often resolve on their own in healthy individuals, those with weakened immune systems may experience severe, prolonged illness.

Causes and Transmission
  • Parasite: Caused by the microscopic parasite Cryptosporidium, which infects the intestines.
  • Contaminated Water: The most common source of infection is drinking or swimming in water contaminated with the parasite.
  • Person-to-Person Spread: The parasite can spread through direct contact with infected individuals, particularly in daycare settings.
  • Animal Contact: People who handle infected animals or their waste can become infected.
  • Foodborne Transmission: Eating contaminated food, particularly raw or unwashed produce, can lead to infection.
Symptoms of Cryptosporidiosis

Symptoms usually appear 2 to 10 days after infection and can last for 1 to 2 weeks. In some cases, symptoms may be severe and prolonged:

  • Watery Diarrhea: The most common symptom, which can lead to dehydration.
  • Stomach Cramps and Pain: Abdominal discomfort and bloating.
  • Nausea and Vomiting: Common in severe cases.
  • Fever: A mild to moderate fever may be present.
  • Weight Loss: Due to prolonged diarrhea and dehydration.
  • Fatigue: Caused by fluid loss and nutrient depletion.
Prevention
  • Safe Drinking Water: Use properly treated, filtered, or boiled water. Cryptosporidium is resistant to chlorine disinfection and many types of purification tablets.
  • Good Hygiene: Wash hands with soap and clean water, especially after using the toilet, changing diapers, or handling animals.
  • Food Safety: Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly and avoid consuming raw or unpasteurized dairy products.
  • Avoid Swallowing Water: When swimming in pools, lakes, or other recreational waters, avoid ingesting water.
  • Proper Sanitation: Dispose of human and animal waste properly to prevent contamination of water sources.
Treatment of Cryptosporidiosis
  • Hydration: The primary treatment is maintaining fluid intake to prevent dehydration.
  • Oral Rehydration Solutions (ORS): Recommended for severe diarrhea, especially in children.
  • Antiparasitic Medications: Nitazoxanide is an approved treatment for immunocompetent individuals.
  • Symptom Management: Anti-diarrheal medications may be used under medical supervision.
  • Supportive Care for Immunocompromised Individuals: Those with weakened immune systems may require prolonged treatment and medical monitoring.
Cryptosporidiosis Around the World

Cryptosporidiosis is a major cause of diarrheal disease worldwide, particularly in developing countries where access to clean water and sanitation is limited. Outbreaks frequently occur in childcare centers, public swimming pools, and communities with contaminated drinking water. According to the **WHO** and **CDC**, Cryptosporidium is one of the leading causes of waterborne disease outbreaks globally.

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