Cholera Fact Sheet

Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It spreads through contaminated food or water and can lead to severe dehydration if left untreated. While many infected individuals do not show symptoms, they can still spread the bacteria through their feces for up to 10 days. Cholera remains a major health risk in areas with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water.

Causes and Transmission
  • Bacteria: Caused by Vibrio cholerae, which produces a toxin that triggers severe diarrhea.
  • Contaminated Water and Food: The primary source of infection is consuming water or food contaminated with feces containing the bacteria.
  • Person-to-Person Spread: While uncommon, cholera can spread through direct contact with infected individuals or their waste.
  • Poor Sanitation: Cholera outbreaks are more likely in areas with inadequate water treatment and hygiene.
Symptoms of Cholera

Symptoms of cholera can appear within 12 hours to 5 days after infection. They range from mild to severe and include:

  • Severe Diarrhea: Profuse, watery diarrhea, often described as "rice water" stools.
  • Dehydration: Rapid fluid loss can lead to dry mouth, sunken eyes, reduced urine output, and extreme thirst.
  • Nausea and Vomiting: Can occur in early stages, worsening dehydration.
  • Muscle Cramps: Caused by loss of essential electrolytes.
  • Shock: Severe dehydration can lead to low blood pressure, organ failure, and death if untreated.
Prevention
  • Safe Drinking Water: Use only boiled, chlorinated, or bottled water.
  • Proper Sanitation: Use latrines or bury feces far from water sources.
  • Handwashing: Wash hands with soap and safe water, especially before eating and after using the toilet.
  • Food Safety: Eat freshly cooked food, avoid raw seafood, and wash fruits and vegetables with clean water.
  • Vaccination: Oral cholera vaccines can provide temporary protection in high-risk areas.
Treatment of Cholera
  • Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS): The most effective way to replace lost fluids and electrolytes.
  • Intravenous Fluids: Needed for severe dehydration when ORS is not sufficient.
  • Antibiotics: May be used in severe cases to shorten illness duration.
  • Zinc Supplements: Recommended for children to reduce diarrhea severity and duration.
Cholera Around the World

Cholera remains a global health threat, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are an estimated 1.3 to 4 million cases annually, with thousands of deaths. Efforts to improve water infrastructure and hygiene have significantly reduced cases in many regions.

Helpful Resources